电子垃圾拆解工人的肝功能和肾功能健康状况及影响因素分析:以清远市龙塘镇为例

高浓度水平的重金属、持久性有机污染物(POPs)等的环境暴露对电子垃圾拆解工人健康的影响,近年来已引起了人们的广泛关注.以电子垃圾拆解工人的肝功能和肾功能健康状况为研究对象,通过比较电子垃圾拆解工人和对照组人群血液中肝功能和肾功能指标的情况,同时结合性别、年龄、职业暴露时间等因素的相关分析,分析电子垃圾拆解工人肝、肾功能的健康状况及影响因素,研究肝肾功能指标对环境污染物造成健康损害的敏感程度.结果表明,广东清远龙塘镇电子垃圾拆解工人肝功能指标谷草转氨酶/谷丙转氨酶(AST/ALT)及直接胆红素(DBIL)显著低于对照组,但肝功能与肾功能的异常率与对照组均无显著差异;男性工人肝功能、肾功能指标的异常率较女性工人高;电子垃圾拆解工人肝功能指标AST/ALT和肾功能指标尿素氮(BUN)与年龄呈正相关,肌酐(CREA)指标与电子垃圾拆解从业时间呈正相关;肝功能ALT、AST/ALT指标及肾功能BUN、CREA指标作为评价有机污染物造成的肝、肾功能损伤具有较好敏感性,肝功能DBIL指标作为评价多种污染物共同作用造成的肝功能损伤具有较好敏感性.     

Recycling of electronic displays: Analysis of pre-processing and potential ecodesign improvements

This article analyses the current and future end-of-life management of electronic displays (flat screen televisions and monitors), and identifies and discusses possible ecodesign recommendations to improve it. Based on an investigation of the treatment of displays in two typical European recycling plants, key aspects and criticalities of the recycling methods (sorting, dismantling and pre-processing) are identified. Disaggregated data concerning on-site measurements of the time needed to manually dismantle different displays are presented. The article also discusses the potential evolution of end-of-life scenarios for electronic displays and suggests possible recommendations for recyclers, producers and policy-makers to promote resource efficiency in the recycling of such waste products. Data on time for dismantling the displays can be used to build measurers for voluntary and mandatory policies, to stimulate design innovations for products improvement, and to assess possible alternative treatments of the waste during the pre-processing at the recycling plants. Some quantitative product measures (based on the time thresholds for dismantling some key components) are also discussed, including an assessment of their economic viability. These measures can potentially be enforced through mandatory and voluntary European product policies, and could also be extended to other product groups.     

电子废弃物拆解地水体多溴联苯醚分布特征

为了解和比较广东贵屿电子废弃物拆解地和珠三角城市地区水体中多溴联苯醚的种类、含量及分布特征,于2011年9月在广东贵屿周边地区和广州采集了20个地下水、7个地表水和4个珠江水,用反相C18萃取小柱提取净化后,利用气相色谱-质谱法测定了样品中的8种多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）。研究结果表明：贵屿地区地下水中PBDEs浓度总体上较高,总质量浓度范围为2.54~71.74 ng·L-1,平均为22.97 ng·L-1,各类PBDEs的检出率为25%~95%。三溴联苯醚（BDE28）、四溴联苯醚（BDE47）、五溴联苯醚（BDE99和BDE100之和）、六溴联苯醚（BDE153和BDE154之和）、七溴联苯醚（BDE183）和十溴联苯醚（BDE209）的质量浓度分布分别为nd~0.64、nd~18.43、nd~25.26、nd~13.92、nd~9.06和nd~15.60 ng·L-1。从物种上来看,分别源于四溴、五溴和十溴联苯醚产品的BDE47、BDE99和BDE209是贵屿地区地下水样中的优势同系物。通过比率P=（BDE47＋BDE99）/BDE209研究发现：低溴代联苯醚比高溴代联苯醚更易被地表径流迁移转换进入到地下水中。贵屿地区地表水中PBDEs的质量浓度范围为3.41~63.83 ng·L-1,平均总质量浓度为19.38 ng·L-1,稍低于当地地下水中PBDEs的平均总质量浓度,PBDEs的组成以高溴代的BDE209为特征,与世界其他水体研究结果相比,可以发现贵屿地区的地表水中PBDEs的平均总质量浓度明显偏高,说明该地区的地表水受到较严重的PBDEs污染,必须引起足够的重视。珠江水中PBDEs的总质量浓度范围为3.48~20.84 ng·L-1,平均为10.39 ng·L-1,表明近年来珠江水体中PBDEs污染有逐渐恶化的趋势。     

Bio-based materials for high-end electronics applications

During the past decade, a shift of focus onto greener alternatives to petroleum-based plastics has spurred the development of bio-based resins for plastic development. This has led to a positive marketing image for companies making the switch to resins from renewable resources. This shift of focus is further reinforced by corporations, which are committed to a reduction in their greenhouse gas emissions and product environmental footprints. Here, we present a perspective on the use of renewable materials in durable goods applications and the challenges and advantages associated with the use of renewable materials. Replacement of petroleum-based acoustic foam with that derived from sustainable resources and qualification of thermoplastic polylactic acid blends for enclosure covers has been demonstrated. The technical details of the materials development required for use in durable goods, and their characterization is also discussed.     

基于PLC的工程塑料自然环境-载荷应力联合作用装置控制系统开发

目的 实现工程塑料自然环境-载荷应力联合作用装置的自动控制,以考核和验证工程塑料制品在环境-应力联合作用下的环境适应性。方法 基于PLC及物联网设备,设计开发控制系统硬件和软件。结果 成功模拟了工程塑料制品在湿热海洋和寒冷气候2种典型大气环境下的自然环境与外加载荷的协同损伤作用,并实时监控记录了相关试验参数与数据。结论 基于PLC的工程塑料自然环境-载荷应力联合作用装置控制系统有效地确保了试验装置的正常运行,并通过实时监控和数据记录,实现了对工程塑料制品环境损伤的深入研究和客观评价。     

Microplastic contamination in Great Lakes fish

Freshwater ecosystems, generally adjacent to human population and more contaminated relative to adjacent marine ecosystems, are vulnerable to microplastic contamination. We sampled 7 species of fish from Lake Ontario and Lake Superior and assessed their gastrointestinal (GI) tracts to quantify ingested microplastics and other anthropogenic particles. A subset of the microparticles were chemically analyzed to confirm polymer types and anthropogenic origins. We documented the highest concentration of microplastics and other anthropogenic microparticles ever reported in bony fish. We found 12,442 anthropogenic microparticles across 212 fish (8 species) from nearshore Lake Ontario, 943 across 50 fish (1 species) from Humber River, and 3094 across 119 fish (7 species) from Lake Superior. Fish from Lake Ontario had the greatest mean abundance of anthropogenic microparticles in their GI tracts (59 particles/fish [SD 104]), with up to 915 microparticles in a single fish. Fish from Lake Superior contained a mean [SD] of 26 [74] particles/fish, and fish from Humber River contained 19 [14] particles/fish. Most particles were microfibers. Overall, ≥90% of particles were anthropogenic, of which 35-59% were microplastics. Polyethylene (24%), polyethylene terephthalate (20%), and polypropylene (18%) were the most common microplastics. Ingestion of anthropogenic particles was significantly different among species within Lake Ontario (p < 0.05), and the abundance of anthropogenic particles increased as fish length increased in Lake Ontario (ρ = 0.62). Although we cannot extrapolate the concentration of microplastics in the water and sediments of these fish, the relatively high abundance of microplastics in the GI tracts of fish suggests environmental exposure may be above threshold concentrations for risk.     

电子废弃物拆解园区重金属排放特征和周边土壤重金属污染来源解析及风险评价

对某典型电子废弃物拆解园区排放的废气以及周边土壤中的重金属进行监测分析。结果显示，拆解过程中排放的重金属总量由高到低依次为：锡（Sn）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、锑（Sb）、锰（Mn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）；从处理工艺来看，几个主要拆解工序均有重金属排放，排放量由高到低依次为：加热烤板、火法冶炼、塑料造粒和湿法冶炼工序。园区周边土壤中的Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb平均质量分数超过珠三角土壤污染风险筛选值。相关性和主成分分析结果表明，Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni、Zn等重金属来源于电子废弃物拆解过程，包括废水排放、大气干湿沉降和固体废弃物随意堆放等途径，Cr可能主要来源于成土母质，Hg有电子废弃物之外的其他来源。土壤生态风险评价结果表明，该区域属于很强生态风险，其中Cd和Hg对生态危害的贡献率达到91.6%。土壤环境容量评价结果表明，该区域仅有As和Cr的土壤现存容量较大，Zn和Ni的土壤现存环境容量较小，已达到警戒值，其余重金属均处于超载状态。该地区土壤重金属污染状况须引起足够重视，应尽快制定管控治理措施。     

包装箱用改性聚乙烯在干热气候中的老化行为

目的研究包装箱用改性聚乙烯塑料在极端气候环境下的老化特征与规律。方法在敦煌试验站对改性聚乙烯进行为期36个月的自然老化试验,分析缺口冲击强度的变化规律,采用扫描电镜、傅立叶红外光谱和凝胶色谱技术分析样品曝晒面的显微形貌、微观结构以及分子量及其分布变化情况。结果户外曝晒3个月时,样品表面出现大量连续裂纹,缺口冲击强度下降约40%,改性聚乙烯在干热环境下的老化以分子链的断链和氧化为主。结论改性聚乙烯在干热气候中老化迅速,其包装制品在使用中应尽可能减少户外曝晒时间。